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Distinct Network Morphologies from In Situ Polymerization of Microtubules in Giant Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Vesicles

Creating artificial cells with a dynamic cytoskeleton, akin to those in living cells, is a major goal in bottom-up synthetic biology. In this study, we demonstrate the in situ polymerization of microtubules encapsulated in giant polymer-lipid hybrid vesicles (GHVs) composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and an amphiphilic block copolymer. The block copolymer is comprised of poly(cholesteryl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate) as the hydrophobic block and either poly(6-O-methacryloyl-D-galactopyranose) or poly(carboxyethyl acrylate) as the hydrophilic extension. Depending on the concentrations of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) or its slowly hydrolyzable analog, guanosine-5′-[(α,β)-methyleno]triphosphate (GMPCPP), different microtubule morphologies are observed, including encapsulated microtubule networks, spike protrusions, as well as membrane-associated or aggregated microtubules. Overall, this work represents a step forward in mimicking the cellular cytoskeletons and uncovering the influence of membrane composition on microtubule morphologies.

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Holleufer, S. F., Hopkinson, A. T., Sutherland, D. S., Li, Z., Lauritsen, J. V., Hornekær, L. & Cassidy, A. (2025). Silicon oxide nanoparticles grown on graphite by co-deposition of the atomic constituents. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 27(26), 13906-13916. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cp01089f

Hong, Y., Gao, Z., Chen, Z., Li, Q., Cui, J. & Dong, M. (2025). Single-atom iron nanozyme with oxidase-like activity for ultrasensitive polyphenol detection. Nanoscale, 17(43), 25036-25043. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr02482j

Bro̷chner, B. V., Zhang, X., Nielsen, J., Kjems, J., Otzen, D. E. & Malle, M. G. (2025). Single-vesicle Tracking of α-Synuclein Oligomers Reveals Pore Formation by a Three-Stage Model. ACS Nano, 19(36), 32108-32122. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c04005

Basse-O'Connor, A., Overgaard, T. L. & Rasmussen, M. M. S. (2025). Some Results on Random Mixed SAT Problems. In A. Srakar (Ed.), 23rd European Young Statisticians Meeting: 11.-15. September 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia: Proceedings (pp. 113-118). Article 19 Statistical Society of Slovenia. https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/sl/data/cobib/213542659

Nielsen, K. H. (2025). Storbyens rotteræs. Weekendavisen, Sektion 4 (Ideer), 5.

Rotilio, L., Bayer, T., Meinert, H., Teixeira, L. M. C., Johansen, M. B., Sommerfeldt, A., Petersen, A. R., Sandahl, A., Keller, M. B., Holck, J., Paiva, P., Otzen, D. E., Bornscheuer, U. T., Wei, R., Fernandes, P. A., Ramos, M. J., Westh, P. & Morth, J. P. (2025). Structural and Functional Characterization of an Amidase Targeting a Polyurethane for Sustainable Recycling. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 64(7), Article e202419535. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202419535

Singh, P., Kadam, N. Y., Panigrahi, R., Mehrotra, A., Upadhayay, K., Dey, M., Tyagi, A., Aquib, M., Nielsen, J., Kleijwegt, G., Singh, P., Sharma, A., Rao, A., Otzen, D. E., Kumar, A. & Sharma, D. (2025). Sulfamerazine as a Potential Modulator against α-Synuclein Aggregation and Associated Toxicity. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 16(5), 880-894. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00803

Sønderskov, S. M., Klausen, L. H., Skaanvik, S. A., Han, X. & Dong, M. (2025). Super-resolution imaging with nanopipettes. NPJ Imaging, 3(1), Article 46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44303-025-00108-9

Tang, A. A., Gobry, M. V., Li, S., Andersen, E. S. & Franco, E. (2025). Switchable RNA motifs for dynamic transcriptional control of RNA condensates. Nucleic Acids Research, 53(12), Article gkaf497. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaf497

Irla, M., Nærdal, I., Virant, D., Brautaset, T., Busche, T., Goranovič, D., Haupka, C., Heux, S., Kosec, G., Rückert-Reed, C., Wendisch, V. F., Brito, L. F. & Vicente, C. M. (2025). Systems-level analysis provides insights on methanol-based production of L-glutamate and its decarboxylation product γ-aminobutyric acid by Bacillus methanolicus. Metabolic Engineering, 91, 389-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2025.06.002

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